[41] Ptolemy XIII sent Pompey's head to Caesar in an effort to win his favor, but instead secured him as a furious enemy. [25] As a precaution, 500–600 Pontic horsemen and some Cappadocian light infantry were placed on the right flank;[26] but, trusting that the river would provide sufficient protection to this wing, Pompey concentrated the bulk of the cavalry, his key to victory, in the left flank. With which element were Caesars men able to push back Pompey's cavalry. Pompey ordered his men not to charge, but to wait until Caesar's legions came into close quarters; Pompey's adviser Gaius Triarius believed that Caesar's infantry would be fatigued and fall into disorder if they were forced to cover twice the expected distance of a battle march. Fittingly for the commander of the optimates army, Pompey approached the battle conservatively. He had tried to bring them across the Adriatic in two groups, but the second was blocked by his opponents’ fleet. Pompey by now had a massive international army; however, his troops were mostly untested raw recruits, while Caesar's troops were hardened veterans. He held the higher ground, had twice as many men, and unlike Caesar, he was not running out of supplies. A key reason why Pompey lost the battle. [12] It has therefore been argued by some scholars that "Pharsalia" would be a more accurate name for the battle than Pharsalus. Ptolemy XIII sent Pompey's head to Caesar in an effort to … [citation needed] As the rest of Pompey's army were left confused, Caesar urged his men to end the day by routing the rest of Pompey's troops and capturing the Pompeian camp. This broke Pompey's left wing troops, who fled the battlefield. The Great Roman Civil War, also known as Caesar’s War, was the culmination of a long-running political conflict within the Roman elite. Also, stationary troops were expected to be able to defend better against pila throws. Julius Caesar came from a senatorial family, part of the aristocracy that ruled Rome. The Roman Civil War, however, was not ended. Because of them Rome was being compelled to fight both in her own defense and against herself, so that even if victorious she would be vanquished. The Flaws Of Caesar : The Rise Of Julius Caesar 940 Words | 4 Pages. Caesar began to despair and used every channel he could think of to pursue peace with Pompey. [28] Pompey also dispersed 2,000 re-enlisted veterans from his previous campaigns throughout the entire army in order to strengthen its ranks. Caesar also deployed in three lines but had to thin them down to six men deep to cover the length of Pompey’s army. The Theban victory shattered Sparta's immense influence over the Greek peninsula, which Sparta had gained long before its victory in the Peloponnesian War a generation earlier. when Julius finally defeated Pompey at the battle of Pharsalus. His family had been of relatively minor importance in recent decades, but Caesar ended that. Surprise. Dogantzes. Mark Antony. His left flank, resting on the Enipeus River, consisted of his battle worn IXth legion supplemented by the VIIIth legion, these were commanded by Mark Antony. [37], After routing Pompey's cavalry, Caesar threw in his last line of reserves[38] —a move which at this point meant that the battle was more or less decided. Who won the battle of Pharsalus? Pompey had the backing of a majority of senators, and his army significantly outnumbered the experienced Caesarean legions. Although Caesar’s troops were more experienced, Pompey had a significant cavalry advantage. [34] Seeing that Pompey's army was not advancing, Caesar's infantry under Mark Antony and Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus started the advance. Crassus brought his wealth to the group, Pompey military might, and Caesar fame, and for a while, they were the threat the optimates feared. Battle of Pharsalus (48 BCE), the decisive engagement in the Roman civil war (49–45 BCE) between Julius Caesar and Pompey the Great. Pompey had every advantage going into the battle. Pompey's legions were arrayed in the traditional three line formation (triplex acies): four cohorts in the front line and three in the second and third lines each. In the winter of 48/47, Julius Caesar crossed to Greece, where he wanted to fight against his rival Pompey. As a result, though he fielded eight legions, they were under strength, leaving him with 22,000 infantry, supported by around a thousand cavalry. Reports of numbers from ancient battles always have to be taken with a pinch of salt, due to a tendency towards literary exaggeration. With the end of that triumvirate, Pompey sided with the optimates to curb Caesar’s power. Caesar spent the next few years 'mopping up' remnants of the senatorial faction. Pompey's cavalry panicked and suffered hundreds of casualties, as Caesar's cavalry came about[36] and charged after them. After seemingly vanquishing all his enemies and bringing peace to Rome, he was assassinated in 44 BC by friends, in a conspiracy organized by Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus. [14] With this in mind, they were to tie down Caesar's infantry and thus give time for the superior Pompeian cavalry to overwhelm the enemy's own and subsequently attack Caesar's flank and rear. At last, Caesar reached Pompey’s lines, and the two forces of infantry clashed. Pompey went to Egypt, where he was killed by a king hoping to gain Caesar’s favor. Pompey fled from Pharsalus to Egypt, where he was assassinated on the order of Ptolemy XIII. Following the battle of Pharsalus, Caesar and his supporters (the Populares) had won a decisive victory in the ongoing civil war against Rome. The Battle of Pharsalus cost Caesar between 200 and 1,200 casualties while Pompey suffered between 6,000 and 15,000. Caesar had won his greatest victory, having lost only about 200 soldiers and 30 centurions. Even men who had been bitter enemies were allowed not only to return to Rome but to assume their previous positions in Roman society. The Populares, a group of leaders from the senatorial class, had taken to using people’s assemblies and popular support to achieve greater power and forward their policies. There was significant distance between the two armies, according to Caesar. Nearly 15,000 of Pompey’s men were killed in battle however, according to Caesar, only around 6,000 were actually soldiers … It was a battle which Caesar won against the odds and it all but confirmed his position as ruler of Rome, a key moment in the transition from Republic to Empire. The VI, XII, XI and XIII formed the centre and were commanded by Domitius, then came the VII and upon his right he placed his favored Xth legion, giving Sulla command of this flank – Caesar himself took his stand on the right, across from Pompey. Battle of Philippi (3 and 23 October 42 BCE) Death of Caesar in 44 BCE divided the country of Rome. However, Morgan believes it is most likely to have been the hill just east of the village of Krini (formerly Driskoli) very close to the ancient highway from Larisa to Pharsalus. On his right was the River Enipeus, on his left his massed cavalry. Although Pompey was strongly against it – he wanted to surround and starve Caesar's army instead – he eventually gave in and accepted battle from Caesar on a field near Pharsalus. BATTLE OF PHARSALUS-The Battle of Pharsalus occurred in Pharsalus —in Thessaly, northern Greece. Realizing Caesar's difficulty in keeping his troops supplied, Pompey decided to simply mirror Caesar's forces and let hunger do the fighting for him. The Battle of Pharsalus was the decisive battle of Caesar's Civil War. [22] Many of the foreigners were serving under their own rulers, for more than a dozen despots and petty kings under Roman influence in the east were Pompey's personal clients and some elected to attend in person, or send proxies.[20]. War soon followed. In fact, it was not difficult to predict the results of this battle as the maturity is usually more important in regard to quantity. As Pompey's infantry fought, Labienus ordered the Pompeian cavalry on his left flank to attack Caesar's cavalry; as expected they successfully pushed back Caesar's cavalry. He didn't charge. Caesar then revealed his hidden fourth line of infantry and surprised Pompey's cavalry charge; Caesar's men were ordered to leap up and use their pila to thrust at Pompey's cavalry instead of throwing them. The battle took place in the neighbourhood of Leuctra, a village in Boeotia in the territory of Thespiae. [10][11], Although it is often called the Battle of Pharsalus by modern historians, this name was rarely used in the ancient sources. Pompey’s flight and subsequent murder … On 9 August 48 BC at Pharsalus in central Greece, Gaius Julius Caesar and his allies formed up opposite the army of the republic under the command of Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus ("Pompey the Great"). Q203681 In the Battle of Pharsalus, on 9 August 48 BCE, the Roman general Julius Caesar defeated the troops of the Roman Senate, commanded by his rival Pompey the Great. [21] These all formed a remarkably diverse group, including Gallic and Germanic horsemen alongside all polyglot peoples of the east – Phoenicians, Cretan slingers and other Greeks, Jews, Arabs, Anatolians, Armenians, and others. He ordered the garrisoned auxiliaries to defend the camp as he gathered his family, loaded up gold, and threw off his general's cloak to make a quick escape. The notion that victors write history finds credence in the Battle of Pharsalus (48 BC). It has no linear plot, but rather presents a set of images or basic scenes that constantly recur. Caesar became embroiled in Egyptian politics, even as he mopped up the remainder of his Roman opponents. A few weeks after Caesar withdrew from Pompey’s camp, the two generals clashed at Pharsalus. As Caesar's men neared throwing distance, without orders, they stopped to rest and regroup before continuing the charge;[35] Pompey's right and centre line held as the two armies collided. 3.85.4): https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Pharsalus&oldid=991723266, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014, Vague or ambiguous geographic scope from July 2014, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2009, Articles needing additional references from July 2014, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2020, Wikipedia references cleanup from November 2020, Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from November 2020, All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify, Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, the VI legion (later called Ferrata) veterans of his Gallic Wars, the VII legion (later called Claudia Pia Fidelis) veterans of his Gallic Wars, the VIII legion (later called Augusta) veterans of his Gallic Wars, the IX legion (later called Hispania) veterans of his Gallic Wars, the X legion (Equestris, latter called Gemina) veterans of his Gallic Wars, the XI legion (later called Paterna and Claudia Pia Fidelis, the same title as the seventh) veterans of his Gallic Wars, the XII legion (later called Fulminata) veterans of his Gallic Wars, the XIV legion (latter also called Gemina, the 'twin' to the tenth) veterans of his Gallic Wars, the XXVII legion, a legion constituted in the summer of 49 BC, This page was last edited on 1 December 2020, at 14:07. His exhausted and poorly supplied army was able to secure new sources of food and essentially … ... Caesar won the wall building (he encircled Pompey), but Pompey won the actual fighting because he utilized his walls better. The Battle of Pharsalus was one of the most important in Julius Caesar’s career. Additionally, Caesar reported capturing 24,000, including Marcus Junius Brutus, and showed great clemency in pardoning many the Optimate leaders. The optimates fled to Roman possessions in Greece, to give them time to assemble an army. But after Crassus’s death in 53 BC the other two fell out. The army Caesar brought to Greece had only half the men he had hoped to field. Caesar ordered a wall to be built around Pompey's position in order to cut off water and pasture land for his horses. The general himself fled back to their fortified camp, gathered his family and fled the country. Pompey and the Senate soon became fearful of Caesar’s power, popularity and wealth. Cassius Dio, The battle of Pharsalus Cassius Dio (164-c.235): Roman senator of Greek descent, historian, author of a very important Roman History . "[4] Pompey continued his strategy of mirroring Caesar's forces and avoiding any direct engagements. With which element were Caesars men able to push back Pompey's cavalry. "Caesar's Pre-Battle Speech at Pharsalus (B.C. AVE CAESAR CAMPAIGN: The Battle of Pharsalus! In Caesar’s case, his prowess in strategy can be seen in the Battle of Pharsalus … Caesar's greatest victory, in my opinion, was the Siege of Alesia. Alexander easily won, and it destroyed the incredibly wealthy and old Persian kingdom. [6] Among the scholars arguing for the south side are Béquignon (1928), Bruère (1951), and Gwatkin (1956). The results of the battle of Pharsalus were the following: the army of Julius Caesar won the fight and Pompey run away to Egypt in order to find some protection and support. Pompey had the backing of a majority of senators, and his army significantly outnumbered the experienced Caesarean legions. Now Caesar threw the full weight of his forces into the battle. Pressured by the senators present and by his officers, he reluctantly engaged in battle and suffered an overwhelming defeat, ultimately fleeing the camp and his men, disguised as an ordinary citizen. It has no linear plot, but rather presents a set of images or basic scenes that constantly recur. 5 hours ago. All of Caesar's legions were understrength; some only had about a thousand men at the time of Pharsalus, due partly to losses at Dyrrhachium and partly to Caesar's wish to rapidly advance with a picked body as opposed to a ponderous movement with a large army. The Battle of Pharsalus is not an easy novel to read. Morgan places Pompey's camp a mile to the west of Krini, just north of the village of Avra (formerly Sarikayia), and Caesar's camp some four miles to the east-south-east of Pompey's. Upon seeing the disposition of Pompey's army Caesar grew discomforted, and further thinned his third line in order to form a fourth line on his right: this to counter the onslaught of the enemy cavalry, which he knew his numerically inferior cavalry could not withstand. Strabo in his Geographica (Γεωγραφικά) mentions both old and new Pharsaloi, and notes that the Thetideion, the temple to Thetis south of Scotoussa, was near both. The battle of Pharsalus (9 August 48 BC) was the decisive battle of the Great Roman Civil War, and saw Caesar defeat Pompey and the Senate’s main army.Although the war continued for another three years, Pharsalus ended any realistic chance that Caesar could be defeated, and the war would have ended soon if Caesar hadn’t become entangled in Egyptian affairs. For the city of Rome and its entire empire, even then great and mighty, lay before them as the prize, since it was clear to all that it would be the slave of him who then conquered. The Thracians and the other auxiliaries who were left in the Pompeian camp, in total seven cohorts, defended bravely, but were not able to fend off the assault. Pharsalus wasn’t the end of the war, but it was the decisive battle. However, Pompey was later assassinated in Ptolemaic Egypt by orders of Ptolemy XIII. On 9 August 48 BC at Pharsalus in central Greece, Gaius Julius Caesar and his allies formed up opposite the army of the republic under the command of Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey the Great). Events before the Battle of Pharsalus. The ancients took great stock in success as a sign of favoritism by the gods. About Pharsalus Battlefield. The battle decided about Caesar's victory in the civil war. Caesar, lacking a fleet to immediately give chase, solidified his control over the western Mediterranean – Spain specifically – before assembling ships to follow Pompey. Pompey's assassination had deprived Caesar of his ultimate public relations moment – pardoning his most ardent rival. Who came to Caesars aid with 4 more legions. Caesar's victory marked the end of the Roman republic. He pulled some men out of these ranks to form a hidden fourth line on his right, backing up his vastly outnumbered cavalry against the charge he expected from Pompey’s horsemen. Caesar’s … When they reflected on this fact and furthermore thought of their former deeds [...41.57] they were wrought up to the highest pitch of excitement....they now, led by their insatiable lust of power, hastened to break, tear, and rend asunder. "[42] The battle itself did not end the civil war but it was decisive and gave Caesar a much needed boost in legitimacy. [23] Each cohort of Roman infantry was formed in a much thicker formation than usual, 10 men deep, in order to prevent the men in the front line from fleeing[24] and enable his troops to absorb the shock of Caesar's attack. Also, stationary troops were expected to be able to defend better against pila throws. The Battle of Pharsalus (Caesar vs Pompey in the original) is the fourth and last scenario of the Ave Caesar campaign in Age of Empires: The Rise of Rome. [29] The infantry column was divided under command of three subordinates, with L. Lentulus in charge of Pompey's left, Scipio of the center and L. Domitius Ahenobarbus the right. However, Phthia, the kingdom of Achilles and his father Peleus, is more usually identified with the lower valley of the Spercheios river, much further south. [14] According to Caesar, his own army included 22,000 Roman legionaries distributed throughout 80 cohorts (8 legions), alongside 1,000 Gallic and Germanic cavalry. Battle of Pharsalus After his defeat at Dyrrhachium in July of 48 BC, Caesar moved swiftly into Thessaly, incorporating the towns of the region under his control. Finally, Mark Antony rallied the remaining forces in Italy, fought through the blockade and made the crossing, reinforcing Caesar's forces in both men and spirit. [3] Now at full strength, Caesar felt confident to take the fight to Pompey. The Battle of Pharsalus is not an easy novel to read. Dogantzes. [12] The only ancient sources to refer to the battle as being at Pharsalus are a certain calendar known as the Fasti Amiternini and the Greek authors Plutarch, Appian, and Polyaenus. His eleven legions were at full strength, amounting to 45,000 men. Pompey himself fled the battlefield and was … His exhausted and poorly supplied army was able to secure new sources of food and essentially become re-energized for the continuing campaign. According to this reconstruction, therefore, the battle took place not between Pharsalus and the river, as Appian wrote, but between Old Pharsalus and the river. simply cite Caesar’s “brilliance as a general,” which alone brought victory at the battle.2 Similarly, Caesar’s “personal military superiority” w… The Battle of Pharsalus was the decisive battle of Caesar's Civil War. The Battle of Pharsalus ended the wars of the First Triumvirate. Nearly 15,000 of Pompey’s men were killed in battle however, according to Caesar, only around 6,000 were actually soldiers … Pompey had the backing of a majority Caesar himself, in his Commentarii de Bello Civili, mentions few place-names;[5] and although the battle is called after Pharsalos by modern authors, four ancient writers – the author of the Bellum Alexandrinum (48.1), Frontinus (Strategemata 2.3.22), Eutropius (20), and Orosius (6.15.27) – place it specifically at Palaepharsalus ("Old" Pharsalus). [citation needed]. 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