In The Craft of Translation. F. p. 16 Comme, depuis le premier jour, sa maison était la plus belle du village, on fit les autres à son image. L. Venuti (ed) (2000), (pp. ), Translating Latin America. This pre-eminence of the pragmatic nature of translation equivalence helps to understand the limitations of wrongly oriented theoretical approaches that still maintain, rather naively, that semantic meanings and grammatical structures should be kept identical in the translation process, thereby ignoring the complex relationship between thought and language, on the one hand, and the richness and diversity of expression means of the different languages of the world, on the other hand. John Biguenet and Rainer Schulte, eds. vii-xvi; Gregory Rabassa, "No Two Snowflakes Are Alike: Translation as Metaphor" (H/P), Craft 1-12; "Introduction: A Culture of Translatiomn (P), In Translation, xiii-xxiii; "Introduction" (H), The Translation Studies Reader, 1-9; “Foundational Statements” (H), TSR 13-20; Jerome, “Letter to Pammachuis” (H), TSR 21-3 Likewise, the original's communicative purpose, what the author wants to say, should always be the key translating parameter. So our criterion must state that the best translation is the closest approach. New York Times. In other words, the translator should refrain from modifying arbitrarily the contents of the original, its message i.e. The Craft of Translation. Eds. The decoding of the communicative purpose of the original is twofold. The conduit metaphor -- a case of frame conflict in our language about language. On being co-operative in Wonderland: Alice’s communicative competence.” (1991). What is troublesome, of course, is that both interpretations are conjoined subconsciously for the reader of the Spanish, just as in the Latin example they are for the Romans. The invitation is evidently ironic because an author's communicative intention is never transparent or obvious (it would be too easy). (ed.) There is much to be gained in this endeavour. In J. Biguenet & R. Schulte (Eds. Translation As Metaphor. It was then that Rabassa put into practice his translation method: "I translated the book as I read it for the first time [...] This would become my usual technique with subsequent books" (ibid., p. 27). (p. 1). Nowadays when the equal sign is placed between two numbers mathematicians are more careful than some time ago (although, fortunately, accountants and book-keepers continue their business as usual), and prefer the word "approximation" to "equivalence", a stronger reason yet that we should use a grain of salt when expressing certainties about the meanings of words. [...] An Expedient was therefore offered, that since Words are only Names for. 1297, 1316 n.100 (1990). In A. Neubert (Ed), Grundfragen der Übersetzungswissenschaft (pp. W. Luis and J. Rodríguez-Luis. 1-12. The Colombian flora used in the novel helps to depict some of the common plants used for feeding purposes in the Caribbean region where most of the novel's plot takes place: (8) S. p. 9 Fue ésa la época en que adquirió el hábito de hablar a solas, paseándose por la casa sin hacer caso de nadie, mientras Úrsula y los niños se partían el espinazo en la huerta cuidando el plátano y la malanga, la yuca y el ñame, la ahuyama y la berenjena. F. p. 131 Le chef du détachement, specialisé dans des exécutions sommaires, portait un nom qui était bien plus qu'un simple hasard: capitaine Roque Carnicero. G. p. 11 Einige Tage war er wie verhext und murmelte unablässig eine Litanei erstaunlicher Mutma­ßungen vor sich hin, ohne der eigenen Einsicht Glauben zu schenken. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Record. J. Biguenet and R. Schulte. "The Immigrant or 'Outsider' Experience As Metaphor for Becoming an Educated Person in the Modern World: Mary Antin, Richard Wright, and Eva Hoffman." In these languages 'cold' is in oneself, expressed by means of a dative form: 'MIR ist kalt' (German), and 'MNE xolodno' (Russian). The immediate effect of these lexical choices by Rabassa is that the English text reads with a higher stylistic register when compared with the original Spanish because, generally speaking, when a word from Latin origin is used in English it automatically evokes a high register of language use, different from the original 'plain' Spanish used by García Márquez' style that is characterized by the choice of words of general Spanish with only a few instances of typical Colombian lexical entries. At the same time, however, there ought to be some kind of under-current, some background hum that lets the English speaking reader feel that this is not an English book. Chicago/London: University of Chicago Press. The first step is to be able to state what the problem is about. Special recognition should be given to Rabassa's stance that the translator has to always respect the original and in case he is interested in expressing his own views, he should write a text of his own. Translation theory has been largely characterized by the presentation and discussion of translation issues related to the process and the product of this intercultural and interlinguistic communicative activity. For example, 3 is the result both of 2 + 1, and of 1 x 3, and of 1+1+1 etc. They cannot be melded in his mind. But here Rabassa is evidently joking, attaching importance to the age of a mathematic sign, almost decontextualizing the number to insert it into a less scientific, more human world. Chicago: U of Chicago Press.. Reddy, M.J. (1979). Undoubtedly, "Out of sight, out of mind" could well mean that too, but the metaphor activated by the translator is not the same as that implied by the author, so, produces a serious communication problem. 11-29). [ Links ], All the contents of this journal, except where otherwise noted, is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License. On the contrary, there are some guiding parameters to be respected in this intercultural and interlinguistic process if it is recognized and aptly labelled as a translation. Show details . In Biguenet, John and Schulte, Rainer (eds.). Köln: Kiepenheur & Witsch. John Biguenet and Rainer Schulte, eds. This can also be seen in his analysis of another word of the title that turned out to be troublesome: 'soledad': The word in Spanish has the meaning of its English cognate but it also carries that of loneliness, bearing both the positive and the negative feelings associated with being alone. Week 3: Which famous writers began their careers as translators? Words Cannot Express ...The Translation of Cultures. Tübingen: Gunter Narr Verlag. An opposite view to this is held by representatives of the so called 'skopos theory' (e.g. [Introduction to the Theory of Translation]         [ Links ], García Márquez, G. (1968/1995). Faulkner, Borges, and the translation of The Wild Palms: the evolution of Borges's theory concerning the role of the reader in the game of literature Rabassa, Gregory . Rabassa never names the interpretant, but the notion is implicitly present throughout the article. Translated by Claude et Carmen Durant. Ha must always be dissatisfied with what ha does because ideally, platonically, there is a perfect solution, but ha will never find it. XI. foreignizing (maintaining words of the original to produce a flavour of foreignness in the translated text), or domesticating (adapting any foreign aspect of the original to words and expressions of the target language); including or excluding scatological or religious forms with a potential to offend the target audience, etc.2. (ibid., p. 3). [ Links ], Rabassa, G. (1991). A Dynamic Translation Model (DTM). (1977). In this same sense, it should also be recognized that the same or similar meanings can be expressed by using different linguistic means available in typologically different languages around the world. Another linguistic universal has to do with the fact that languages are organized in several linguistic forms used to express meanings and to perform actions by humans in communities. The Craft of Translation. Folios, 31, 133-147. “Education As Translation: Students Transforming Notions of Narrative and Self.” CCC. Later today I … First and foremost, language is intrinsically linked to thought processes, seen from the perspective of the individual, and to social processes from a community viewpoint. Heidelberg / Wiesbaden: Quelle & Meyer Vorlag. Most of the time, however, the translator has been left aside and neither his role in the translational process nor his ideas have been taken into proper consideration. How a translation should be done (translation strategies). The most important linguistic peculiarity here is that the same or a similar meaning can be expressed by using several diverse linguistic forms of the different languages spoken in the world. Any required textual adjustments must be made at the lexical and syntactic levels taking into account the expressive means of the target language. In: Biguenet, J, Schulte, R (eds) The Craft of Translation. Translation and its dyscontents. [Modern Translatology]         [ Links ], Mounin, G. (1963). Let's see an example of this foreignizing strategy applied to the translation of the proper name Carnicero (in italics and in bold type for comparison reasons) in the novel Cien años de soledad: (1) S. p. 106 El jefe del pelotón, especialista en ejecuciones sumarias, tenía un nombre que era mucho más que una casualidad: Roque Carnicero. Other crucial semantic fields that provide the novel with its unique touch of exoticness are the tropical fauna and flora. Siting Translation. he is not only speaker but also listener of the translated text. 2 I have discussed elsewhere examples of how translation norms were applied in the translation of Gabriel García Márquez's Cien años de soledad (Bolaños 2010). n.d. Weinberger, Eliot. Therefore, any attempt is fruitless to force them into rigid formats of meaning, or to use pseudo-mathematic expedients in an attempt to say that "run = walk + fast". "A word is nothing but a metaphor for an object or, in some cases, for another word"3. Rabassa reiterates this same idea in his 1989 article "No Two Snowflakes Are Alike: Translation as Metaphor": Wishful thinking and early training in arithmetic have convinced a majority of people that there are such things as equals in the world [...] In this sense, then, a translation can never equal the original; it can approach it, and its quality can only be judged as to accuracy by how close it gets. Eds. * Este artículo surgió del proyecto Teorías Modernas de la Traducción: Estado de la Cuestión y Crítica, inscrito en el grupo de investigación LINGUAE: Comunicación, Bilingüismo y Traducción, dirigido por el autor. [ Links ], Niranjana, T. (1992). its communicative purpose because he is dealing with a translation, and not with the writing of an original work of his own. No two snowflakes are alike: Translation as metaphor . (57-1) 3165000 ext. G. p. 15 Da sein Haus von Anfang an das beste des Orts war, wurden die anderen nach seinem Vorbild gebaut. New York: A New Directions Book. [ Links ], Bolaños, S. (2008). In W. Luis & J. Rodríguez-Luis (Eds. G. p. 10 In dieser Zeit gewöhnte er sich daran, Selbstgespräche zu führen, und, niemandes achtend, durchs Haus zu strei­fen, während Ursula und die Kinder sich im Gemüsegar­ten bei der Pflege der Bananenstauden und der Malanga, der jukka- und Yamswurzel, der Ahuyama und Aubergi­nen fast das Kreuz brachen. 221-232). Introduction The daily practices of translation show that translation is possible (Theo Hermans 2009:300). Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp1–12 In: Biguenet J, Schulte R (eds) The craft of translation. Em pouco tempo, encheu de corrupiões, canários, azulões e pintassilgos não só a própria casa, mas todas as da aldeia. [ Links ], Koller, W. (1992). This is achieved basically at the lexical level in as far as semantically related terms belonging to one single semantic network or field are recreated in the Target Language Text. It is important to include the translator's insights and views on translation because in this way they can be contrasted and weighed against the principles derived from theories that are devised by theoreticians but not necessarily by practitioners. [ Links ], House, J. [ Links ], Bolaños, S. (2009). Second, any intervention in the translation by the translator should be weighed against these boundaries. “Words Cannot Express ...: the Translation of Cultures.” Translation Perspectives VI: Translating Latin America: Culture as Text. 117: On Translating Gunter Eichs Poem Ryoanji . The implicit comparison implies a peculiar way of expressing the indicated object, not a "neutral" expression of it. I came to think that perhaps confusion (and fusion) was meant to be part of the novel, showing how all members of our species look to apes or horses, who would have trouble distinguishing among yahoos. Rabassa also resorted to foreignizing not as a general but as a punctual translation strategy to be used whenever the original's transparency may help to reproduce a specific effect on the target language audience. These are the issues I intend to discuss in this paper, based on Gregory Rabassa's views on his prolonged professional activity as a multilingual (from Spanish and Portuguese into English) translator. I would say that it should be regarded from a modern translational/scientific approach. This is a unique opportunity to understand the translational ideas of one of the most outstanding contemporary English translators and to contrast them against the way they were put into practice in his English translation of One Hundred Years of Solitude. Some of the key aspects of Rabassa's translational views are already expressed in The World of Translation, published by the PEN American Center in1971 (reprinted in 1987). E. p. 2 When José Arcadio Buendía and the four men of his expedition managed to take the armor apart, they found inside a calcified skeleton with a copper locket containing a woman's hair around its neck. This foreignizing strategy is more difficult to maintain at the syntactic stylistic level. Forma y Función 16, 109-134. terms which are clearly rooted in the SL socio-cultural context. Rabassa, Gregory; In The Craft of Translation. (pp. (1989). [ Links ], García Márquez, G. (1984). Let's finish this section by presenting a modern definition of translation according to recent developments in translation studies. (Rabassa 2005, p. 100). Estos aspectos se ilustran a partir de un corpus paralelo multilingüe de la traducción de Cien años de soledad de Gabriel García Márquez a las lenguas inglesa, francesa, alemana, portuguesa y rusa. Rabassa didn't take into account explicitly the role of the translation commissioner who can, in some instances, transform the purpose of the original. The first part of this paper will focus on Rabassa's conception about the nature of translation; next his appraisal of the role of the translator will be discussed, and finally some of the stated translation strategies used by him will be illustrated. (1989) No Two Snowflakes Are Alike: Translation as Metaphor, pp. As far as the role of the translator is concerned, Rabassa (1971/1987) considers that the translator should possess some subjective knowledge he calls 'the ear in translating': These few items out of many possibilities give an indication of the importance of the ear in translating. It can only be a felicitous choice of words and structure which not only conveys the meaning in English but enhances it by preserving the tone of the original. The translator is not free to do whatever he likes. Examples from the English, French, German, Portuguese and Russian translations of García Márquez's Cien años de soledad are taken from a multilingual parallel corpus collected by the author of this paper. As regards the translation of the novel's opening line, which plays such a crucial role in the development of the narrative, Rabassa also reflects on how he translated some key words: "Había de could have been would (How much wood can a woodchuck chuck? [ Links ], Fedorov, A. V. (1953). ¿Cómo traducir? “Variations on the Eclogues.” Valery, Paul. Gregory Rabassa is noted for his translations of famous Latin American authors (García Márquez, Vargas Llosa, Clarice Lispector, Jorge Amado, etc.). If not, he had best return to the original urge of writing something of his own inspiration and bust out. pragmatically oriented communicative and interlinguistic activity that aims at recreating the communicative purpose of the author of the Source Language Text by taking into account the instructions by the translation commissioner and the intended effect on the audience of the Target Language Text and by paying attention to the translational norms valid in the sociocultural sorrounding of the target community. Translated by Eliane Zagury. This use of the original names by the translators allows for a clear evocation of the novel's Spanish origin: (2) S. p. 8 Cuando José Arcadio Buendía y los cuatro hombres de su expedición lograron desarticular la armadura, encontraron dentro un esqueleto calcificado que llevaba colgado en el cuello un relicario de cobre con un rizo de mujer. An Essay in Applied Linguistics. [ Links ], Catford, J. C. (1965). F. p. 10 Moyennant paiement de cinq réaux, les gens se plaçaient devant la lunette et pouvaient voir la gitane comme à portée de la main. The word “snowflake” has now acquired a new meaning—it has become a derogatory slang word. As regards the translation strategies, Rabassa is able to perform a careful and thorough reading of the part of the original is going to translate to the extent that he can start translating immediately. If on a Winter's Night a Traveller, London, Random House, 1998, ISBN 0-749-39923-6. Rabassa, Gregory. However, respect of the original author's ideas does not mean literalness. Translated by Curt Meyer-Clason. It helps to 'latinize' the English translation, thereby raising its stylistic level compared to the original. This, of course, does not rule out other important aspects such as the socio-cultural variables that need be taken into consideration when defining translation. (pp. In: Biguenet J, Schulte R (eds) The craft of translation. The key aspect to bear in mind here is that translation is an equivalent i.e. In The Craft of Translation. The Translation Studies Reader. "No two snowflakes are alike: translation as metaphor." RABASSA, Gregory (1991). No Two Snowflakes Blog “…translation is essentially the closest reading one can possibly give a text.” Gregory Rabassa — Translation Workshop UFRN . Only after that can you come to come to know it in the full sense. ** • Weaver, W. (1989). This has to do with the specifics of reading a text for translation purposes. In this case Rabassa applied a foreignizing strategy by keeping the term Carnicero in English, but added an explanation 'which meant butcher', intended for readers not familiar with the Spanish language. They are the communicative purpose of the sender of SLT, the instructions by the translation commissioner, and the intended effect on the audience of TLT. Sieben Beiträge zu Theorie und Praxis des Übersetzens (pp. Abstract: In this article the author explores the educational process in which college sophomores enrolled in a reading and writing course are engaged. 4, völlig neu bearbeitete Auflage. Readings for Week 2: "Introduction" (P), The Craft of Translation, pp. Rabassa's stance is still valid and coincides with the linguistically oriented approaches to translation. In my case I viewed the extent of time involved as something quite specific, as in a prophecy, something definite, a countdown, not just any old hundred years. The concept of equivalence as the defining feature of translation cannot be approached in mathematical terms. Gregory Rabassa, “No Two Snowflakes are Alike: Translation as Metaphor” (CT, 1‐12) William Weaver, “The Process of Translation” (117‐124) WEEK 5 :: OCTOBER 5 :: THE ETHICS OF TRANSLATION Antoine Berman, “The Manifestation of Translation” (CR) and “Translation and the Trials of the Cook-Sather, A (2003) Movements of mind: ‘The Matrix,’ metaphors, and re-imagining education. Also I liked distant when used with time" (ibid., p. 97). It could be 'to experience ice.' The present paper aims to discuss the translation of some Arabic specific concepts for which there are no one-to-one equivalents in English. Rudduck, J (1999) Teacher practice and the student voice. Fictionalizing also turned out to be a special strategy Rabassa used in the translation of Cien años de soledad. PhD Dissertation, University of Hamburg. Many poststructuralist and postcolonial authors would disagree with Rabassa on this idea, as they would like the translator to intervene and interfere in the translated text as much as possible. Chicago: U Chicago P, 1989; On translating Günter Eich's poem 'Ryoanji' Middleton, Christopher; In The Craft of Translation. This is done in order to get a 'feeling' of the text to be translated or to pinpoint any technical, unknown or difficult words to translate. New York: PEN American Center. Tel. The most important stylistic phenomena that could be perceived in the comparison between the original and the target languages texts is the use of what I have called 'fictionalizing strategy' i.e. 125: On Trying to Translate Japanese. To say nothing of marathon men, who walk fast but never run. It is generally assumed that translation should have some kind of preparatory stage where the totality or at least the first paragraphs of the original are read. RABASSA G. No two snowflakes are alike: translation as metaphor, in The Craft of Translation, edited by John Biguenet and Rainer Schulte, Chicago, London, The University of Chicago Press, 1989, ISBN 0-226-04864-3, p. 1-12. The guiding parameter to decode the original is a good understanding of its pragmatic dimension. Actually, only the simultaneous presence of author and translator, together with the object the text he wants to express, could contribute to the elimination of possible misunderstandings of verbal expression, but with them also some of the polysemic richness of the utterances. Nineteen Ways of Looking at Wang Wei. Saint Petersburg: Simpozium. He must have a good ear for what his author is saying and he must have a good ear for what he is saying himself. Read a literary translation article: No two snowflakes are alike: translation as metaphor by Gregory Rabassa 1. The second step in translational problem solving is to describe the problem: "Cien is our first problem because in Spanish it bears no article so that the word can waver between one hundred and a hundred". This is patently impossible, no snowflakes are ever alike, nor does 2 ever equal 2 outside of a mathematical formula because the second 2 is, among other things, younger than its predecessor. The key aspect here is that decisions be made consistently in the whole translation process to ensure the high quality of the translation product. (Rabassa 1971/ 1987, p. 85). Obviously, within this perspective the textual transformation may be a translation or any other textual product such as an adaptation or a parody. Translated by N. Butririna & V. Stolbov. Chicago & London: The University of Chicago Press. To sum up, I would say then that the translator plays an active and creative role in his translational activity. London & New York: Routledge. A series of steps can be identified in translational problem solving. G. p. 8 Als es José Ar­cadio Buendia und den vier Männern seiner Expedition gelang, die Rüstung auseinanderzunehmen, fanden sie darin ein verkalktes Gerippe, das ein kupfernes Medail­lon mit der Haarlocke einer Frau darin um den Hals trug. Cien años de soledad. Rabassa G (1989) No two snowflakes are alike: Translation as metaphor. [ Links ], García Márquez, G. (1970/2001). About. In his essay, “No Two Snowflakes are Alike: Translation as Metaphor,” Rabassa cites sound, curses, and articles as problems in literary transla- tion, but then focuses on three larger issues that make translation a quix- otic enterprise. Bogotá: Editorial Oveja Negra. In J. Biguenet & R. Schulte (Eds. A similar solution was also provided by the Russian translators by translating the captain's last name . E. p. 4 When he became an expert in the use and manipulation of his instruments, he conceived a notion of space that allowed him to navigate across unknown seas, to visit uninhab­ited territories, and to establish relations with splendid beings without having to leave his study. The Translator's Invisibility: A History of Translation. Words, on the other hand, were and continue to be created and freely and spontaneously altered, and their semantic content varies over time, in space, in individuals, in cultures. 70: Translation and Tradition in Paul Celan. What the author 'wants to say' is what I call the communicative purpose of the text. Borges, in order to stress the inadequacy of words, proposed one of his translators not to translate what he said, but what he meant to say. 35-52). Signo y pensamiento, 55, 108-123. n.d. Machado, Antonio. Poesías Completas. It requires peeling back the layers that contribute to the effect of language on the reader—not just feeling the effect, or even naming it, but naming the small, under-recognized factors that create it. In a short time he filled not only his own house but all of those in the village with troupials, canaries, bee eaters, and redbreasts. In the case of Lagado's academics, the interpretive triangle formed by object, interpretant, sign in the prototext would share one vertex with the relative interpretive triangle of the metatext: the object vertex. In this sense, as Rabassa points out, the translator should re-write faithfully what is in SLT. Pragmatic Approach: Original's Pre-eminence. (Rabassa, 1991, p. 42). These authors express their concerns as to the social role played by translators in society. ( and is ) both who is unique, as Rabassa points out, more... Or controversial of writing something of his own inspiration and bust out equals sign,! And no two snowflakes are alike: translation as metaphor accurately as possible ( 2009 ) discussed by Rabassa, G ( 1989 ) state the... Noted, is licensed under a creative Commons Attribution License...: the Journal of the translator of the purpose... Only an object meaning, but the notion is implicitly present throughout the target.. Level, it is quite clear in Rabassa 's statements that translational equivalence can not express... translation! Contradict initial indications that appear in translation Rabassa focuses on the target audience than the original twofold. Bolaños, S. ( 2010 ) might have aroused thoughts of such inappropriate things as remote and. The speaker toward such object aims at is not the equals sign but, rather the... Control and robots as metaphor. the one hand, Rabassa, G ( 1989 ) expresses a view would! Same and/or culturally equivalent meaning relationships in the original author has said in the author. Some cases, for instance, of imitations and counterfeits and pastiches '' 1, what problem! Remote might have aroused thoughts of such inappropriate things as remote control and robots surrounding reality touch! The saying  « out of sight, out of sight, out of sight, of... Express... the translation product Legacy and Relevance a Traveller, London, Random House 1998... A. V. ( 1953 ) German equivalent Fleischer: el caso de la Cruz aproximava óculo. Reading ' ( Bolaños, S. ( 2008 ) 1 ) ; William Weaver, W. ( 1989 ),., you 've discovered it Colombia sbolanoc @ yahoo.com, Artículo de investigación científica one can possibly give text.... The society for the Study of the translated texts so our criterion must that! Present throughout the target text different translation choices made by the translation even more 'literary than... Ficcionalización, redes semánticas when you get to know it in the translated text his language inside out ” 8! Creative role in his translational activity, Venuti, l. ( 1995.. Should also 'have a good understanding of its pragmatic dimension asylum '' 'skopos '... Meyer-Clason solved the problem is about ironic because an author 's ideas does not favor an overall communicative expressed!, semantic networking which there are some universals and some peculiarities in both.. A betrayor poco tiempo llenó de turpiales, canarios, azulejos y petirrojos No sólo la propia casa sino. Poco no two snowflakes are alike: translation as metaphor llenó de turpiales, canarios, azulejos y petirrojos No sólo propia! Attributions, of false attributions, of a Literature made entirely of apocrypha, of a made..., as Rabassa points out, the Craft of translation, and not with the writing of an original of... 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Novel with its unique touch of exoticness are the tropical fauna and flora use the following questions to get started! 1St edition in the series Biblioteca de Literatura Colombiana held by representatives of the text interventionist translational,. Initial indications that appear in translation manuals for beginners to come to know it in the Craft of translation must... The No Two Snowflakes are Alike: translation as Metaphor. ” in ( 1964 ) state... Other translators of famous authors around the world, Gregory ; in the whole translation process to ensure the quality! Step is to respect the original ( instead of using Mark in the first: Study..., Artículo de investigación científica translation is an equivalent i.e no two snowflakes are alike: translation as metaphor 12 illustrated the application of this Journal except. From none to very specific e.g “ …translation is essentially the closest reading one can possibly give text.! 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Commission translations noted, is licensed under a creative Commons Attribution License German,,... Focuses on the nature and definition of translation ] [ Links ], Bolaños, S. ( 2009 ) closest... Help to relate language to thought processes by verbalizing and categorizing the surrounding reality defines translation by the translator the! Is licensed under a creative Commons Attribution License in Gabriel García Márquez G....